Abstract: Machu Picchu ruins are a holy city constructed by the Incas who were probably inspired by landscape formed by incised meandering valley of Rio Urubamba River. Gentle slope of collapse ruin is created terrace field called by Andenece, and many stone buildings are built on the top of double ridges, and the important houses such as temples, home of the high priest and Inca palace are built on the higher ridge of west-southwest side. However house does not exist on the flat field area of the linear depression. Stones of the stone buildings do not use blocks of rock quarried from rock mass of medium-grained muscobite-bearing biotite granite, but use rectangular shaped stones with a definite size broken by earthquake motion and scattered on the ridges. The shape and size of the building stones are probably controlled by platy joints which were formed by stress release yielded by bottom erosion of Rio Urubamba River. Lots of megalithic blocks remained in the quarry area, according as the Incas did not have masonry technique to carry them out, and to cut and divide them into small building stones. The megalithic blocks scattered in the settlement are integrated with temples and enshrined as Huaca being comparable to Iwakura that means dwelling place of a god. The stone walls of houses generally consist of rectangular shaped stones stacked by range work, and constructed by the method of Nozura Zumi laid with mostly unprocessed natural stones, Uchikomihagi laid with partly processed natural stones and Kirikomihagi used cut stones which are minutely processed and shaped to fit perfectly together with surrounding stones. Inca’s stone masons place importance on closely fitting contact planes of stones of Kirikomihagi with each other, and then they combine an irregular shaped stone with the surrounding stones by helving joints and make inconspicuous the irregularity of the surface of stone walls by carrying out beveling of edges of all stones.

要旨：『群書類従』に納められた『小松寺縁起』（大阪府交野市）の元となった京都・教王護国寺に保存された『観智院史料』の翻刻文を調査し，『縁起』が信頼度の高い文書であることが確証された．『縁起』には，和銅五年(712)の小堂の開創以来，天平六年(734)，寛和元年(985)，永長二年(1097)十一月二十日，および承徳三年(1099)八月二十七日に地震があって，寺院の建物が被害を受けたと記録されている．この四回の地震のうち，最初の二個の地震は，これまで知られていなかった地震である．３番目の地震は，永長元年(1096)十一月二十四日の東海地震の約一年後に起きており，また4番目の地震は，承徳三年(＝康和元年，1099)一月二十四日の南海地震の7ヶ月後に起きている．ともに海溝型巨大地震に誘発された内陸地震と理解される．小松寺は丘陵地帯の中にあった寺院であるが，生駒断層の北端付近で東に分岐する交野断層の南方わずか1kmの所に位置しており，生駒断層，あるいは交野断層を起震断層とする地震であったと理解することができる．小松寺のあった場所は現在ゴルフ場となっているが，その場所には石碑が建てられている．

キーワード：歴史地震，小松寺縁起，1096年永長東海地震，1099年康和南海地震，生駒断層，交野断層

Abstract: Four earthquakes in the ancient ages of A.D. 734, 985, 1097, and 1099 are recorded in an old document called “Komatsudera-Engi (Chronological Records of Komatsudera Temple)”. Komatsudera temple was situated on a slope near a ridge line of the hill at the north end of the Ikoma mountain chain, Katano city, Osaka prefecture. This temple was founded in A.D. 712, and main buildings were destroyed by those earthquakes. It was dilapidated and disappeared in the early years of the 18th century. The Ikoma active fault runs about 3 kilometers west of this temple, and its branch fault called Katano fault runs about one kilometer north of the site of this ruined temple. It is suggested that some earthquakes out of those four earthquakes occurred due to the actions of Ikoma and Katano fault(s).

要旨：津波研究を進める上で生じた謎を10個取り上げて論じてみた．ここに取り上げた謎は次の通り．（１）2011年東日本震災の津波の高さ分布が，地震計測や測地学的計測によって得られた海底地変の分布とは一致していない．（２）沖合を流れる海流の色は緑色であるのに沿岸を襲った津波の海水の色は真っ黒である．（３）百人一首の「末の松山」の和歌の謎．（４）北海道日高地方のアイヌの古老が伝える，いくつかの年代層にまたがる津波の伝承．（５）島根県江津市の江ノ川の河口で記録された年代の定まっていなかった津波記録は，既知の津波カタログのどの津波であるか．（６）和歌山県御坊市の安政南海地震（1854）による津波が小被害であったのに，コンピュータによる津波の数値計算の結果は，９～10mにも及ぶ大津波であったはずである，という矛盾した結果が得られた．（７）台湾北海岸に建設された原子力発電所が1771年明和八重山津波について全く考慮されないで建設された．（８）2011年東日本震災の津波の浸水限界線のすぐ上に，多くの神社が並んでいる．（９）アフリカ東海岸沖合に浮かぶマダガスカル島，ソコトラ島に巨大津波痕跡がみられる．（10）だれの目にも津波に危険と明らかな沿岸町村に，なぜいつまでたっても根本的な津波対策が取られないのか．

キーワード：東日本震災の津波津波の色，アイヌの津波伝承，津波の古文書記録，津波事実と数値計算結果の不一致，明和八重山地震津波，神社と津波限界，マダガスカル島の津波，ソコトラ島の津波，隕石落下による津波