公益財団法人深田地質研究所 第18号 2017
地球科学におけるトランス・サイエンスの諸問題
Trans-scientific issues in the Earth sciences
吉岡直人
YOSHIOKA Naoto
要旨:1972年にワインバーグが提唱した,トランス・サイエンスという概念は,「サイエンスに問うことができるが,サイエンスでは答えることが出来ない問題群」とされる.ワインバーグは原子炉の安全性の問題など,いくつかの例を挙げているが,本稿は,地球科学にこの概念を当てはめた場合,どのような問題が考えられるか,若干の考察を試みた小論である.地震予知,地球温暖化をはじめとする地球環境問題,原発立地問題などがこれに当ると考えられる.これらの問題を解決するには,専門家と,一般大衆との双方向の会話,議論が大切である.
キーワード:トランス・サイエンス,地震予知,地球温暖化,原発立地問題,対話型コミュニケーション
Abstract: The concept of “Trans-Science”, which was proposed by A. M. Weinberg in 1972, is “the questions which can be asked of science and yet which cannot be answered by science”. Weinberg showed some examples such as the safety problem of reactors. I will here try to apply the “Trans-Science” to some issues in the Earth sciences. The problems of earthquake prediction, environmental issues such as warming of the Earth and site selection of nuclear reactors would be involved in this concept. In order to solve these problems, dialogic communication between experts and public must be required.
p. 1-8
大地震・津波・噴火のさい現れた機転の英雄伝
Legends of Quick Action Heroes who rescued many peoples at the times of Occurrences of large Earthquakes, Tsunamis, or Volcanic Eruptions
都司嘉宣
TSUJI Yoshinobu
要旨:歴史地震や津波,火山噴火を記述した古文書ののなかには,ときどき大きな自然災害が生じたときに,機敏な行動をとって大勢の人々の命を救った英雄たちの話に出会うことがある.かれらには防災マニュアルがあったわけでもなく,時にはその種類の災害についての知識すらほとんど持っていなかった場合すらある.たとえば,1855年11月11日の深夜に起きた安政江戸地震の際には,江戸(東京)市中で全部で一万人以上の死者が出たが,このとき19歳の南町奉行所の与力であった佐久間長敬は,手勢の者たちとともににぎりめしを作り,次の日の朝までに被災市民に配った.さらに 床面積3,300平方メートルのお救い小屋を5ヶ所に建設した.本稿にはこのような機敏の英雄たちの話を9つ集めた.
キーワード:自然災害時の機転の英雄,安政江戸地震,安政東海地震津波,安政南海地震津波,安政3年北三陸地震津波,宝永富士噴火,2004年インド洋津波,災害発生時の安全持続性
Abstract: In old documents mentioning the historical earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions on the Japanese islands, we sometimes found out legends of quick action heroes who rescued many peoples at the times of occurrences of large earthquakes, tsunamis, or volcanic eruptions. They had not a manual book of disaster prevention, and sometimes they even had no knowledges on that kind of the natural hazard which he encountered. For example, in the time of the Ansei Edo Earthquake of midnight of November,11 1855, whose total number of the casualties in Edo (Tokyo) City zone, was estimated at more than ten thousands, a 19 year officer in Minamimachi-Bugyo Sho (the South City Bureau) called Sakuma Osahiro with younger assistants prepared rice balls and distributed them to suffering citizens by the morning of the next day. He also constructed five temporary rescue halls each of which has the floor area of 3,300 square meters up to the evening of three days after the occurrence of the earthquake. In he present pater such quick action heroes for nine cases are discussed.
Keywords: quick action heroes in historical naturaldisasters, The Ansei Edo earthquake of November 11th, 1855, The Ansei Tokai earthquake-tsunami of December 23rd, 1854, The Ansei Nankai earthquake-tsunami of December 24th, 1854, The tsunami of the 1856 Kita Sanriku earthquake, The 1707 Hoei volcanic eruption of Mt. Fuji, The 2004 lndian Ocean tsunami, sustainability of safety in natural hazards
p. 9-28
ドレッジシステムのローテクからハイテクへの変革
—海底物質科学研究の飛躍を目指して—
Evolution of dredge system from low to high technological equipment
–Improvement of dredge system toward advanced material science on bedrocks–
石井輝秋
ISHII Teruaki
要旨:海洋底基盤岩の物質科学的研究に於いては,その成否が良質な海底地質試料採取の可否にかかっていると言っても過言ではない.海底基盤岩の採取には比較的簡便で安価な,しかもローテクの典型ともいえるドレッジ(dredge)が広く使用されてきた.筆者は内外の研究調査船において,永らくドレッジ観測の実体験をしてきた.国内では数次にわたる淡青丸,白鳳丸,「よこすか」,「かいれい」航海,海外においては米国のアトランティスII,メルビル(2回),モアナウエーブ,トーマス・トンプソン航海等である.これらの体験を通じて得た知識を基に,上記航海毎にドレッジシステムの改良に連なる事例を積み重ねて,ORI-TI型ドレッジシステムを提案するに至った.本稿ではドレッジシステム改良の経緯,米国船での体験を中心に話題提供を行い,特異な採取試料(ホワイトチムニー)についても若干ふれる.米国ではドレッジは昔ながらの流儀,つまりローテクを保っていてあまり進歩が見られない様に見えるのに対し,日本では年毎に進化・変革が見られる.特に最近では中堅から若手研究者を中心に,ドレッジシステムへのトランスポンダーの適用や,ドレッジ本体への深海カメラの組み込み等,斬新なハイテク化への急速な動きが見られる.非常に頼もしい強い流れが生じていると感じられる.
キーワード:ドレッジシステム,海底基盤岩,ORI-TI型ドレッジ,ホワイトチムニー,ドレッジのハイテク化
Abstract: It is very important to recover fresh igneous rocks from ocean floor to investigate bedrocks on the basis of the material scientific aspects. Dredge haul methods being a simple and easy way with low costs, have been widely used for recovering the bedrocks. The author has been working on the dredge hauls during about 40 years on the several Japanese and American Research Vessels (R/Vs), that is, R/V Tansei Maru, R/V Hakuho Maru, R/V Yokosuka, and R/V Kairei as well as R/V Atlantis-II, R/V Melville (2 times), R/V Moana Wave, and R/V Thomas Thompson, respectively. He has been proposing the ORI-TI type dredge system, which has been improved and still improving on the basis of the better ideas gathered from the above mentioned all cruises. This report includes the followings, that is, improving processes and ideas on the dredge system, the unique experiences in the US Research Vessels, and some comments on the recovered samples. The dredge systems in the US Research Vessels have been continuing the conventional and basic technical methods. On the other hand, Japanese young and core scientists have been recently improving the dredge systems with active introduction of high technique, for example, transponder system and/or deep sea camera system. Very reliable big currents have been flowing in the ocean bedrock science.
Keywords: dredge system, abyssal bedrocks, ORI-TI type dredge, white chimney, improved dredge
p. 29-48
2014年7月長野県南木曽町土石流災害地周辺の地形と地質について
Geological and Geomorphological background of July 2014 Nagiso debris flow in Nagano prefecture, central Japan
藤井幸泰
FUJII Yukiyasu
要旨:台風8号にともなう集中豪雨により,2014年7月9日,長野県木曽郡南木曽町で土石流が発生し,梨子沢流域ではJR中央本線や国道19号と多数の人家が被災した.該当地域は土石流による災害を歴史的に被ってきた場所である.梨子沢は南木曽岳の西斜面を流れて木曽川へ流れ込む.南木曽岳山頂は標高1679 mあり,周辺は断層で囲まれている.馬籠峠断層は南木曽岳の北西側麓に存在し,走向はN 40°Eで右ズレを示す.梨子沢はこの断層によって数十mの変位を被っている.一方の伊勢小屋沢は伊勢岳の東斜面を流れて木曽川へ流れ込む.伊勢岳山頂は標高1373 mである.梨子沢と伊勢小屋沢沿いの地形断面図を作成すると,どちらの断面図にも標高800 m付近に線緩点が存在する.これより上流域では主に花崗岩が分布し,下流域では土石流堆積物が分布する.ところで,肉眼スケールでズレが確認できない開口している割れ目が節理であり,これは梨子沢及び伊勢小屋沢沿いの花崗岩中に観察することが出来る.節理群とは平行な節理の集まりで構成される.花崗岩中には三つの節理群から構成される節理系が発達する.このうち二つの節理群は急傾斜の鉛直方向を示す.そして最後の一つはこれら二つに直交してほぼ水平方向を示す.梨子沢の水平な節理群は緩やかに西へ傾いている.一方,伊勢小屋沢の水平な節理群は緩やかに東に傾いている.これらの水平な節理群はシーティング節理と考えられ,山地斜面の形成に関連して発生したものと考えられる.さらに節理系は巨礫の形成に関与しており,巨礫は土石流で運搬されたと考えられる.これら特徴は花崗岩地形に特徴的にみられるものと思われる.
キーワード:花崗岩,節理,シーティング,巨礫,遷緩点
Abstract: Intensive rainfall promoted by Typhoon Neoguri induced slope failure and debris flow at Nagiso, Nagano Prefecture on July 9 2014. On the Nashizawa River, debris flow caused heavy damage on residential houses, railway tracks and national rout 19. Historically, a large set of disasters caused by debris flow has been recorded in this area. The Nashizawa River flows on the western side of Mount Nagiso and flows into the Kiso River. The mountain with the peak of 1679 m is surrounded by many faults. Magome-Toge fault is located in the northwestern foot of the mountain. The fault strikes N 40° E, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip. The fault also causes a displacement of several tens of meters in the river. The Isegoya River flows on the eastern foot of Mount Ise and flows into the Kiso River. The mountain with the peak of 1373 m. Geomorphological sections along the Nashizawa and the Isegoya River show concave knick points around the altitude of 800 meters. In the upper area of the points, Cretaceous granite is mainly observed along the rivers. While the debris flow deposits are mainly observed in the lower area of the points. Joints, which are meso-scale opening fractures and in which offset cannot be recognized, are observed in the Cretaceous granite along the Nashizawa River and the Isegoya River. Joint system has 3 joint groups. Each joint group is composed of parallel joints. And two of the groups are vertical. The other group is perpendicular to them and almost parallel to horizontal plane. The horizontal joint group on the Nashizawa River calmly inclines to the west, while the joint group on the Isegoya River inclines to the east direction. Those horizontal joint groups might be sheeting joints which are generated by the formation of mountain slopes. In addition, the joint system might contribute to the genesis of granitic boulders which were transported by debris flow. It’s a character of granite landforms.
Keywords: granite, joint, sheeting, boulder, concave knick point
p. 49-58
2014年の広島土砂災害から学ぶこと
Learning on the 2014 disaster of shallow landslides and debris flows caused by heavy rainfall
at the northwestern part of Hiroshima City
大八木規夫・金子 誠・藤井幸泰・横山俊治・内山庄一郎・鈴木比奈子・
岸本 剛・藤井美南・田島詩織
OYAGI Norio, KANEKO Makoto, FUJII Yukiyasu, YOKOYAMA Shunji, UCHIYAMA Shoichiro, SUZUKI Hinako, KISHIMOTO Tsuyoshi, FUJII Minami and TASHIMA Shiori
要旨:2014年8月に発生した広島土砂災害について,5回の現地調査および1/2500地形図等による地形解析を通して,その特徴を解析し,次の3つの結果を得た.第1に,谷頭付近に発生した崩壊源,そこを出た移動体土砂礫が土石流となって流下した谷,その土石流が襲った沖積錐と住宅街には,それぞれに特有の個性が認められた.第2に,災害はこれら固有の特徴が複合して,それぞれの地区において特徴的な発現状況をもたらした.それらのうち,とくに八木3丁目小原山川流域では,深さ最大5.5mの崩壊源,河床の岩屑層,過去の採石場人為的岩屑の削剥など,それぞれの特異な条件が重なり合って,大きな被害をもたらした.第3に,崩壊源を出た直後の移動体(土石流)は,スーパーエレベーションによる計算では時速30kmから63kmの速度を得ているので,崩壊源から1km以下の距離にある沖積錐最上部の住宅街には,崩壊発生から1—2分で到達することが明らかになった.したがって,短小急流の谷出口に住む人々にとっては,事前の避難がきわめて重要である.
キーワード:表層崩壊,浅層崩壊,土石流,谷,沖積錐,スーパーエレベーション
Abstract: We studied the 2014 landslide-debris flow disaster caused by heavy rainfall at Abusan mountain area northern part of Hiroshima city and got following results. 1) Different characteristics can be found on each landslide source area, valley floor on which moving body from the source area rushed down as a debris flow, and an alluvial cone used as a housing area was attacked by the debris flows in 2014 disaster. 2) Complex combination of these characteristics produced different damages by the landslide-debris flow disaster. The worst combination was the case of Yagi 3-chome Obarayama-kawa area, half of victims by the disaster counted, where five shallow (~5.5m) landslides developed to very rapid debris flows which became larger by scraping valley floor-deposits of natural deposits and artificial debris of quarries and caused big damage to the housing area near top of the alluvial cone. 3) Estimated velocity by super-elevation method on some landslide moving bodies (debris flows) was 30km/hour to 63km/hour near source areas. Although those moving bodies might be decelerated by resistance with valley floors and walls during flowing down, the time of debris flow running from the source areas to the first housing areas would be one or two minutes because of short (~1km) and steep (18°~) valley. Therefore, people living at the mouth of short and steep valley should refuge before heavy rainfall starts.
Keywords : superficial landslide, shallow landslide, debris flow, valley, alluvial cone, super-elevation
p. 59-96
2014年の広島豪雨による鳥越川の土石流の洪水位と流下幅
Flood peak level and running-down width of debris flow along Torikoshi River,
induced by the Hiroshima heavy rainfall in 2014
横山俊治・岸本 剛・藤井美南・田島詩織
YOKOYAMA Shunji, KISHIMOTO Tsuyoshi, FUJII Minami and TASHIMA Shiori
要旨:2014年広島豪雨によって,鳥越川で発生した土石流の洪水位と流下幅を,樹木に残された流下痕跡を指標にして推定した.河谷を流下する時の土石流は上に凸型の横断面形をもち,沖積錐の中でも,土石流の主要な流れはこの上に凸型の形態を維持している.鳥越川の左支谷では,流下幅10~16mの範囲で3.52~12.00mの高さの洪水位がもち,地中水に由来する水を取り込んだことによって,見積もった土石流の体積は下流に向かって増加している.低角度でミリメーター間隔のラミネーションシーティングによって割れた風化花崗岩が鳥越川流域のほとんどすべてに広く分布している.豪雨時には,ラミネーションシーティングに雨水が蓄えられ,短時間で地表に流出する.かくして風化花崗岩地域では,ラミネーションシーティングに規制された多量の地中水の水平の流れが,多くの崩壊と高い洪水位をもつ土石流を引き起こす.
キーワード:2014年広島豪雨,鳥越川,沖積錐,土石流,土石流堆積物,石礫堆積物,砂質堆積物,樹木センサー,土石流の流下痕跡,流下幅,洪水位,風化花崗岩,水文地質構造,ラミネーションシーティング
Abstract: Flood peak level and running-down width of debris flow along Torikoshi River, induced by the Hiroshima heavy rainfall in 2014 were estimated using the impression of debris flow left on tree.The running-down debris flow forms concave upward traverse section in valley, and on alluvial fan, the main flow maintains the concave form. In the left branch of Torikoshi River, the flood peak level of debris flow shows 3.52 -12.00m in height in a range of 10-16m of running-down width, and the estimated volume of debris flow increases toward the downstream due to taking in water derived from underground water. Disintegrated granite which is fractured by lamination sheeting with low angled attitude and millimeter order in space is widely distributed in almost all the Torikoshi River area. During heavy rainfall, rain water is stored in fractures of lamination sheeting, and at a short period of time, outflows from the surface of slope. Thus in the disintegrated granite area, the horizontal flow of abundant underground water controlled by the attitude of lamination sheeting causes many slope failures and debris flows with high flood peak level.
Keywords: the Hiroshima heavy rainfall in 2014, Torikoshi River, alluvial fan, debris flow, debris flow deposit, debris deposit, sandy deposit, tree sensor, impression of debris flow, running-down width, flood peak level, disintegrated granite, hydro-geological structure, lamination sheeting
p. 97 -112
地すべりダムの地形学的検出方法
Geomorphological detecting method of landslide dams
横山俊治・村井政徳・脇田 茂
YOKOYAMA Shunji, MURAI Masanori and WAKIDA Shigeru
要旨:この研究の目的は,1/2.5万地形図を用いて,決壊しなかった地すべりダムを地形学的に検出する方法を確立することである.地すべりや崩壊による移動体が河谷を完全にせき止めたとしても,多くの場合,天然のダム堤体は間もなくして決壊し洗い流され,流路幅や河床の勾配は元に戻る.しかしながら,ダム堤体が長期間に渡って生き残っている場合には,河系の一般的な性質は改変され,局所的な特異地形として河系異常が発生するかも知れない.7事例の1/2.5万地形図読図から,流路幅異常,谷底幅異常,河床縦断形異常の河系異常が地すべりダム検出の重要な鍵となると結論した. 地すべり移動体や崩壊の岩屑が河川に定置すると,その上流には水が溜まり,流路幅が広くなる.これが地すべりダム形成による流路幅異常である.流路幅異常の典型事例はダム湖が生き残っている大沼地すべりダムと青木湖地すべりダムである.池ノ谷地すべりダムは天然ダム湖の一部が生き残っている. しかしながら,時間の経過とともに,堆積物によって埋め立てられるために,生き残っているダム湖は少数である.完全に埋め立てられたダム湖の谷底幅は下流よりも広くなっている.これが地すべりダム形成による谷底幅異常である。地形図の読図に際しては,地すべり地形の上流に発達している谷底堆積低地はしばしば谷低幅異常の証拠になる.このタイプの河系異常は大沼地すべりダムと青木湖地すべりダムを除くすべての事例で認められている. もうひとつの地すべりダムの証拠は,ダム湖面あるいはダム湖を埋めた堆積物の地表面からダム堤体を横切る排水路に移る遷急点と,排水路から下流の初生河床勾配に移る遷緩点で特徴づけられる河床縦断面図の中に見てとれる.このタイプの河系異常が生き残った地すべりダムによる河床縦断形異常である.7事例のすべてがこの河系異常を示している.
キーワード:地すべりダム,ダム湖,ダム堤体,地すべり地形,せき止め湖堆積物,谷底堆積低地,地形学的検出方法,河系異常,偏流屈曲,流路幅異常,河床幅異常,河床縦断形異常
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to establish a geomorphological detecting method of landslide dam using topographic map of 1:25000 in scale. Even if landslide mass and debris of slope failure completely dam up river valley, in many cases, the natural dam body is soon broken and washed out, and then the channel width and angle of valley-floor recover. However the dam body survives during a long time, the general features of fluidal system are reformed and any fluidal system anomaly being local abnormal landform may generate. From the reading of topographic map of 1:25000 in scale of 7 examples it is concluded that the fluvial system anomaly of channel width anomaly, valley-floor width anomaly and longitudinal projected profile anomaly become an important key of detection of landslide dam. When the landslide mass and debris of slope failure emplace in river valley, the upper stream from the dam body fills with water and the channel width becomes wide. This is the channel width anomaly caused by landslide-damming. Typical example of the channel width anomaly is the Onuma and the Aoki Lake landslide dams surviving the dam lake. The Ikenotani landslide dam survives the part of natural dam-lake. However the survival dam lake is a few because of filling-up by sediments with the passage of time. The valley-floor width of completely buried the dam lake becomes wider than that of the downstream. This is the valley-floor width anomaly due to landslide-damming. In reading of topographic map, depositional valley-bottom plain developed in the upper stream from landslide landform becomes often an evidence of the valley-floor width anomaly. This type of fluidal system anomaly is recognized in all examples excepting the Onuma and the Aoki Lake landslide dams. The anther evidence of landslide dam comes into view in the longitudinal projected profile, which is characterized by a convex knick point from the surface of lake or the surface of deposit buried the dam-lake to the drain across the dam body, and a concave knick point from the drain to the downstream with the initial valley floor angle. This type of fluidal system anomaly is longitudinal projected profile anomaly by the survival landslide dam. All of 7 examples show this fluidal system anomaly.
Keywords: landslide dam, dam lake, dam body, landslide landform, dammed lake deposit, depositional valley-bottom plain, Geomorphological detecting method, drift sinuosity, fluidal system anomaly, valley floor anomaly, channel width anomaly, longitudinal projected profile anomaly
p. 113-129
過去の地震・津波災害における死者発生分布の法則性の解明
Study on the Law of the Distribution of Casualties for the past Earthquakes and Tsunamis
都司嘉宣・矢田俊文・佐藤孝之・中西一郎
TSUJI Yoshinobu, YATA Toshifumi, SATO Takayuki, and NAKANISHI Ichiro
要旨:本研究では,まず地震による死者は,起震断層に近接した狭い地域の中で集中的に発生するという事実を明らかにした.例えば2011年の熊本地震のほとんど総ての死者は,起震断層であった布田川断層の北側3 kmの幅の範囲内で生じていた.1927年に京都府北部で起きた北丹後地震の時も,死者の分布はやはり起震断層となった峰山断層と山田断層に近接した地域に集中していた.さらに,倒壊家屋1軒当たりの死者数の分布が,断層位置を指し示すより良い指標になっていることが明らかとなった.これらの知識は,起震断層がどれかが必ずしも明らかになってはいない歴史地震に対して起震断層を特定するのに有効である.われわれは,1766年明和津軽地震起震断層が津軽山地西縁断層と青森湾西断層であることを明らかにした.また,津波の高さと死亡率の関係を,1896年の明治三陸地震津波について検証した.われわれは,最小二乗法によって,この両者の関係を表す対数正規分布関数を定めた.
キーワード:地震津波の死者分布,2016年熊本地震,昭和2年北丹後地震,明治29年陸羽地震,明和3年津軽地震,文政11年越後三条地震,安政元年伊賀上野地震,大正関東震災,昭和20年三河地震,後背湿地での液状化,明治29年三陸津波
Abstract: In this study, it is clarified that casualties of earthquakes were densely distributed in the narrow zone which is located close parallel to the fault. For example, almost all casualties of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake were distributed in the narrow zone with 3 kilometers width located on the north side of the Futagawa fault, the seismogenic fault of this event. In the case of the 1927 Kita-Tango earthquake, which occurred in the north part of Kyoto prefecture, casualties were densely distributed also in the zone close to the Mineyama and Yamada faults, both of which are the seismogenic faults of this earthquake. In addition that it was found out that the distribution of numbers of casualties per one destroyed houses makes a more sensitive indicator of the location of the seismogenic faults. Those facts are possible to be applied in identification of the seismogenic faults for the cases of historical earthquakes, which are not always identified it clearly. On the basis of those facts, the seismogenic faults of the Meiwa Tsugaru earthquake of 1766 are identified as the Tsugaru-Sanchi-Seien fault and the Aomori-wan Nishi fault. In the present study, we also clarified the relationship between tsunami heights and the percentage of casualties for the case of the 1896 Great Meiji Sanriku Earthquake Tsunami. We obtained the empirical formula of casualty percentage in the style of a logarithmic normal distribution as a function of tsunami inundation height by applying the method of the least mean square.
Keywords: distribution of casualties due to an earthquake-tsunami, The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, The 1927 Kita-Tango Earthquake, The 1896 Riku-u earthquake, The Meiwa Tsugaru earthquake of March 3rd, 1766, The Bunsei Echigo・Sanjo earthquake of December 18th,1822, The Ansei Iga-Ueno earthquake of July 9th,1854, The Great Kanto earthquake of September 1st, 1923, The Mikawa earthquake of January 13th, 1945, liquefaction in a back swamp, The 1896 Great Sanriku earthquake-tsunami
p. 131-154
ニューラルネットワークを用いた
比抵抗データからの温度推定手法の精度に関する研究
Accuracy of Temperature estimation from resistivity data using neural network
石塚師也
ISHITSUKA Kazuya
要旨:地熱地域のおける地下の温度分布は,貯留層の特徴や地下流体の流速分布と関係しているために、地熱開発において重要な情報の1つである.近年,このような温度分布を推定する手法として,ニューラルネットワークを用いて比抵抗データから温度を推定する手法が提案され,効果を上げつつある.この手法は,比抵抗が温度に関係するパラメータであることを利用し,坑井で取得された温度データと比抵抗の関係をニューラルネットワークで学習させ,温度データの無い箇所において,比抵抗データから温度を推定する手法である.本研究では,当手法を葛根田地熱地域に適用し,手法の特徴や精度について検討した.解析の結果,比抵抗データを用いずにニューラルネットワークを用いて温度を推定した場合と比較して,1-9 %誤差が減少することが分かった.特に,教師データとして用いる温度データが少ない場合や教師データと温度を推定したい箇所の距離が離れている場合等,比抵抗を用いずにニューラルネットワークのみを用いる手法で誤差が大きくなる条件において,より小さな誤差で温度を推定できることが分かった.本解析結果は,ニューラルネットワークを用いて比抵抗データから温度分布を推定する手法の有効性を示している.
キーワード:地熱開発,温度推定,ニューラルネットワーク,比抵抗,葛根田地熱地域
Abstract: Subsurface temperature distribution beneath a geothermal field is a vital information for geothermal development, because temperature pattern is related to reservoir characteristics and subsurface fluid velocity. To estimate subsurface temperature distribution, it has recently been proposed that neural network is used to estimate temperature distribution based on resistivity. This method is based on the fact that resistivity is sensitive to temperature. Firstly, the method constructs an optimized feedforward neural network that relates the relationships between locations, resistivity and temperature at well locations. Then, temperature data are estimated at locations without well data based on resistivity measured by Magnetotelluric method. In this study, we examined the characteristics and the accuracy of the methodology by applying it to the Kakkonda geothermal field, Japan. As a result of analysis, we showed that the error decreased by 1-9 % using the proposed method compared with the neural network approach without using resistivity data. Particularly, the error decreased, when the number of teaching data is small, and the distance of teaching data and a target site is not close. Since these conditions are not favorable conditions for neural network approach without using resistivity data, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the neural network approach based on resistivity data.
Keyword: Geothermal development, Thermal estimation, Neural network, Resistivity, the Kakkonda geothermal field
p. 155-162
地盤工学における物理探査データのロックフィジックスをベースにした解釈技術に関する研究(その11)
-岩石の圧縮強度と弾性波速度の関係についての再考-
Study on rock physical interpretation of geophysical data for geotechnical applications (Part XI)
– Revisit of the relationship between seismic velocity and compressive strength of a rock-
高橋 亨
TAKAHASHI Toru
要旨:土木構造物等の設計・施工に不可欠な岩盤の圧縮強度を弾性波速度から推定することができれば、広域的な岩盤の強度モデルを効率的・経済的に構築することができ大変有効である。本研究では,一軸圧縮強度については,従来から提案されているP波速度との経験式を再整理し,実データとの比較を通じて,適用上の課題を指摘した.一方,三軸圧縮強度については,Sharma et al. (2011) が,砂や粘土にセメントをまぜた人工土試料を用いた室内三軸圧縮試験での測定結果から三軸圧縮強度と動的せん断弾性係数の間で示した簡単な関係を,実際の堆積性軟岩の室内試験および検層で得られた圧縮強度と弾性波速度から求められた動的せん断弾性係数のデータを用いて検証を行った.その結果,実際の岩石や岩盤においても,圧縮強度と弾性波速度から得られる動的せん断弾性係数との間に簡単な関係があることがわかった.また,岩石物理モデルでもこの関係をモデル化できることを示した.
キーワード:岩石の圧縮強度、弾性波速度、動的せん断弾性係数、岩石物理モデル,堆積性軟岩
Abstract: A compressive strength model of a large rock mass can be effectively and economically built if compressive strength of a rock or rock mass can be estimated from seismic velocity. In this study, we first summarize empirical equations between uniaxial compressive strength of a rock and P-wave velocity which have been so far proposed, and point out the problems in application of the empirical equations by comparing with real data. For the triaxial compressive strength, a simple linear relationship between triaxial compressive strength and dynamic share modulus obtained S-wave velocity measurements in a triaxial compression test in the laboratory by Sharma et al. (2011) is verified by the data measured in the laboratory and well logging for real soft sedimentary rocks. The data for real rocks show that there is also a simple linear relationship between triaxial compressive strength and seismic velocity derived dynamic shear modulus for a real rock and rock mass. Rock physics model can also represent the linear relationship of these two properties of a rock.
Keywords: compressive strength of a rock, seismic velocity, dynamic shear modulus, rock physics model, soft sedimentary rock
p. 163-172
原位置岩盤の長期クリープ試験に影響を及ぼす諸要因に関する検討
Precise Measurement of Creep Deformation of Rock Mass
– Experimental Study on In-situ Long-term Creep Test –
船戸明雄・工藤里絵・田中莊一
FUNATO Akio, KUDO Rie and TANAKA Soichi
要旨:構造物基礎となる岩盤の長期安定性評価のために実施する原位置岩盤の長期クリープ試験について,筆者らの30年来にわたる検討結果を基に,高精度で信頼性の高い計測結果を得るための留意事項を取りまとめた.試行錯誤の結果,載荷板の微小変位を長期間安定して計測するためには,基準梁の不動性,計測システムの長期安定性,持続荷重の安定性,試験装置の長期安定性を確保する必要がある.特に,室内と原位置において行った数か月にわたる事前検討からは,基準梁上下の温度差が変化すると梁が上下にたわみ変位計測に影響すること,試験坑内の高い湿度によりひずみゲージ式変位計とロガーを結ぶスイッチボックスの絶縁抵抗が低下し見かけの変位が生じることなどが判明した.また,フェーシング材の安定性や定荷重の保持方法等についても新たな知見を得た.これらの検討結果を踏まえて実施した試験においては,定荷重の保持や微小変位の長期計測などの課題は解決できたと考える.したがって,本稿は今後実施する機会が減少するであろう原位置岩盤の長期クリープ試験の技術伝承に資するものである.
キーワード:長期クリープ試験,基準梁の不動性,微小変位の計測,一定荷重の保持
Abstract: Some key considerations have been compiled that enables highly accurate and reliable measurement in the in-situ creep test using rigid plate loading method, based on the results of the authors’ research over the past 30 years. In order to stably measure minute creep displacement, it must be necessary to secure immobility of the reference beam, stability of sustained load, and long-term stability of the measurement system and test equipment. In particular, as a result of our prior studies, both in the laboratory and in-situ, the measurement of creep displacement had been found out to be affected by such factors as reference beam’s arc-shaped curving that would be caused by the temperature variation between top and bottom of the beam, degradation of insulation resistance in the switch box that connects strain gauge type displacement transducer and data logger caused by high humidity in the adit. Some new knowledge had been also obtained about the stability of the bearing pads in the environments and the technique to maintain a constant pressure. Taking these experimental studies into account, the in-situ creep test had been accomplished finally with reliable results. This paper contributes to inherit the in-situ creep test techniques in future.
Keywords: in-situ creep test, immobility of reference beam, minute displacement measurement, constant pressure
p. 173-191
岩盤構造物の性能評価における課題
- 岩盤初期地圧の推定方法について -
Some Issues on the Performance Evaluation of Tunnel and Underground Cavern
– Some Considerations on the Estimation of In-situ Stress –
亀村勝美
KAMEMURA Katsumi
要旨:大規模な岩盤構造物の計画,設計に当たっては,掘削対象とする岩盤の力学特性とともに適切な初期地圧を設定することが重要となる.しかし岩盤の初期地圧は,重力(自重)に加えてプレートテクトニクスに起因する造構力や地殻変動,地形や断層などの影響を受けており,その推定は難しい.代表的な初期地圧測定法である応力解放法や水圧破砕法によっても得られる結果はばらつくことが多く,大規模な岩盤構造物に対応する初期地圧の評価は難しい.ここでは設計解析における初期地圧の設定法を概括した上で,様々な初期地圧測定法によって測定結果がどれほどばらつくのかを紹介する.そして大規模岩盤構造物に対応する広域岩盤の初期地圧をトンネル掘削等の岩盤変位を用いて評価するための3次元逆解析手法を示し,その有効性を示す.
キーワード:初期地圧,初期地圧測定,内空変位計測,3次元逆解析
Abstract: Estimates of the in-situ stress and the mechanical characteristics of rock mass are important in the design of deep and large scaled underground structures such as high-level radioactive waste disposal repositories. Usually, in-situ stress measurements such as hydraulic fracturing method, stress relief method and AE (acoustic emission) method are conducted to provide estimates of in-situ stress. However, measurement results by these methods can highly vary because of heterogeneity of rock mass, and this will causes difficulties in in-situ stress evaluation. In this study, 3D back analysis method for the evaluation of in-situ stress, which can simulate the tunnel deformation behavior during excavation, is presented and its effectiveness is discussed.
Keyword: in-situ stress, in-situ stress measurement, convergence measurement, 3D back analysis
p. 193-208