公益財団法人深田地質研究所 第16号 2015
高校の地学教育の現状と課題 ―地学教育に関する私案―
The present state and problems in the education of geoscience at high schools in Japan: A personal view for the education of geoscience
吉岡直人
YOSHIOKA Naoto
要旨:高校における地学教育の現状は,多くの人たちが憂うべきものであると考えている.戦後の地学教育の歴史を概観すると,地学は,物理,化学,生物などの他の自然科学教科に比べて軽視されてきた歴史が見える.しかしながら,地学は地球や宇宙のとてつもなく長い時間と,とてつもなく広い空間を扱う学問であり,他の教科には替えられない内容を含んでいる.私たちが生きていく上で必要欠くべからざる自然の資源や,あるいはまた自然災害といったものを考える上で欠かせない学問であるだけでなく,人間の存在そのものを考えさせられる学問でもある.筆者は,このことを認識するためには,現在の地学教育ではなされていない,生態学的知識, 宇宙人探しとドレークの方程式,人間原理の宇宙論を多くの人に地学をとおして知ってもらいたいと考えている.さらに,現代科学が到達した結論のみを述べるのではなく,そこに至る経緯,すなわち,科学史的側面を盛り込んだ内容にすると,地学がより一層生き生きしたものになるのではないかと考える.
キーワード:地学教育,生態学,宇宙人探し,ドレークの方程式,人間原理,科学史
Abstract:Lots of people are worrying about the present state of education of geoscience at high schools in Japan. By surveying the history of the education of geoscience after the Word WarⅡ, we can see the fact that the geoscience has been disregarded compared with other natural sciences such as physics, chemistry and biology. However geoscience cannot be replaced by other natural sciences because it treats very long time and tremendously vast space. Geoscience offers not only the knowledge concerning natural resources which are essential for our life and how to avoid the natural hazards, but also the philosophical knowledge about the existence of human beings. In order to know how rare the existence of human beings, I think that knowledge of ecology, SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) and Drake equation, and anthropic principle should be added to the education of geoscience. Further, if people learn not only the final consequences of the modern sciences, but also the history of science which is the process of progress in sciences, then geoscience would be much more vitalized.
Keywords: education of geoscience, ecology, SETI, Drake equation, anthropic principle, history of science
p. 1-11
Keywords: education of geoscience, ecology, SETI, Drake equation, anthropic principle, history of science
p. 1-11
遺跡構造物の変形解析と修復に携わるなかで:日本の文化財に関わる用語と海外の石造文化財の紹介
Deformation Analysis and Conservation work for Historical Sites: Terminology for Japanese Cultural Property and Introduction of Oversea Heritages with Building Stone
藤井幸泰
FUJII Yukiyasu
要旨:国宝や特別史跡,さらには近代化産業遺産といった文化財に関わる日本語の用語についてまとめている.さらに昨年の海外出張で訪れたイタリアのアオスタで出会ったローマ時代の石造構造物や,エジプト調査時にカイロやルクソールでみた石造構造物の紹介を行っている.
キーワード:文化財,近代化産業遺産,石材,イタリア,エジプト
Abstract:Brief summary for Japanese terminologies related to cultural property and heritage of industrial modernization was introduced. In addition, Roman civil structures with building stones in Aosta, Italy and ancient Egyptian large structure constructed with stones in Giza and Luxor were introduced, where the author visited last year.
Keywords: Cultural Property, Heritage of Industrial Modernization, Building Stone, Italy, Egypt
p. 13-22
Keywords: Cultural Property, Heritage of Industrial Modernization, Building Stone, Italy, Egypt
p. 13-22
「よこすか」「しんかい6500」YK15-11研究航海の紹介と海洋底研究への誘い ━深層崩壊による巨大海底地滑りの6K1429潜航調査速報━
Preliminary report of the R/V Yokosuka & Shinkai 6500 YK15-11 Cruise – Quick report of Shinkai 6K1429 Dive on huge deep-sea landslide, in Mariana –
石井輝秋
ISHII Teruaki
要旨:有人潜水艇「しんかい6500」(=6K)の支援母船「よこすか」YK15-11研究航海は2015年6月29日(月)横須賀追浜出港-7月17日(金)サイパン入港の19日間で行われた.乗船研究者は首席研究者小原泰彦以下計13名,航海の研究課題名は「南部マリアナ前弧しんかい湧水域の包括的な理解へ向けて」であった.「しんかい6500」での5回の潜航調査(6KDive 1429-1433)及び「よこすか」ディープトウ(YKDT)での4回の潜航調査(YKDT169-172)が行われた.海洋底研究への誘いを目的に,研究航海の目標設定,研究航海に至るまでの流れ,研究航海における船内生活,「しんかい6500」潜航調査等を,実際の事例を通し具体的に紹介した.南部マリアナ海溝陸側西部域に発見された,巨大海底地滑りの6KDive1429潜航調査(石井乗船)を研究成果速報とした.最大深度600 mにも及ぶ深層崩壊により崩落した,蛇紋岩化した島弧性上部マントル橄欖岩主体の岩屑量は,約5 km³~10 km³程度と見積もられた.
キーワード:「しんかい6500」,「よこすか」,南部マリアナ海溝,しんかい湧水域,海底地滑り,海洋底地質,マントル橄欖岩,蛇紋岩
Abstract:The R/V (Research Vessel) Yokosuka Cruise YK15-11 was performed during 19 days from Monday, June 29, 2015 (Oppama, Yokosuka harbor) to Friday, July 17, 2015 (Saipan) in the Southern Mariana Trench inner wall area, to investigate “Toward the comprehensive understanding of the Shinkai Seep Field, the Southern Mariana Forearc”, proposed by the chief scientist; Dr. Yasuhiko OHARA. The principal scientific objectives of the cruise were to collect basic scientific data sets including the emanating fluids sampling for understanding of chemosynthetic biological communities and carbonate chimneys, associated with serpentinized peridotite. For those aims, scientific research was performed including 5 times of Shinkai 6500 dive (6KDive 1429-1433) and 4 times of Yokosuka deep-tow camera observation (YKDT169-172) during the Cruise. The cruise activities including aboard life were introduced for invitation to deep sea research. Quick report of Shinkai 6K1429 Dive (observer; Ishii) on huge deep-sea landslide of serpentinized upper mantle peridotites of islandarc signature was also mentioned, and the amount of the landslide was estimated as about 5 km3~10 km3 .
Keywords: Shinkai 6500, R/V Yokosuka, Southern Mariana Trench, Shinkai Seep Field (=SSF), deep-sea landslide, seabed geology, mantle peridotite, serpentinite
p. 23-40
Keywords: Shinkai 6500, R/V Yokosuka, Southern Mariana Trench, Shinkai Seep Field (=SSF), deep-sea landslide, seabed geology, mantle peridotite, serpentinite
p. 23-40
A typical goniatite, Manticoceras, from the Devonian of the Kingdom of Morocco, northern Africa
OBATA Ikuwo and SANO Takashi
Abstract:A specimen of the oxycone goniatite genus Manticoceras from the Kingdom of Morocco is studied and described herein, with a discussion of the geological setting. The new goniatite species shows many morphological features in common with Late Devonian specimens from USA, western Canada, China and Australia.
Keywords: Anarcestina, Pharcicerataceae, Gephuroceratidae, Erfoud
深田地質研究所年報,No.16,p. 41–48 (2015)
Keywords: Anarcestina, Pharcicerataceae, Gephuroceratidae, Erfoud
深田地質研究所年報,No.16,p. 41–48 (2015)
2014年8月20日の広島豪雨による土砂災害を考える
Thinking on the disaster caused by landslides and debris flows triggered by heavy rainfall on August 20, 2014, in northern part of Hiroshima city
大八木規夫・内山庄一郎・鈴木比奈子・藤井幸泰
OYAGI Norio, UCHIYAMA Shoichiro, SUZUKI Hinako and FUJII Yukiyasu
要旨:広島市安佐南区阿武山山塊の南東山麓に位置する緑井・八木地区および安佐北区可部東地区では,2014年8月20日早朝の豪雨によって崩壊・土石流が多数発生し,死者75名もの大きな災害がもたらされた.被害の著しい箇所とその上流の谷の状態を踏査するとともに,縮尺1/2500地形図とこれから作成した縦断図などによって災害の問題点を考察した.大きな被害が発生した場所は谷の出口にあたり,過去の土石流で形成され,現在も形成中の扇状斜面の上部である.これらの場所に住宅が密集していたことに潜在的危険性があった.被害をもたらした今回の土石流はこの山体を下刻する谷の最上流に発生した深さ2−5mの浅層崩壊からの流下移動体が谷床の旧岩屑堆積物を削剥・拡大したものである.多くの谷床にはまだ大量の岩屑堆積物が残存している.阿武山山塊は西側が花崗岩体,東側が岩脈を挟んでジュラ紀付加体,および,周防帯結晶片岩類で構成され,崩壊・土石流の特徴に違いが認められる.その違いは谷の縦断形および平面的状態にも現れている.このことは今後の防災・減災の対策に活用できると考える.
キーワード:豪雨,浅層崩壊,土石流,花崗岩,付加体,結晶片岩,流紋岩岩脈,縦断形,岩屑堆積物,沖積錐
Abstract:We analyzed the large disasters caused by landslides and debris flows, which killed 75 persons at dwelling areas on alluvial cones, where are high risk on debris flow potential, around Mt. Abu and Mt Takamatsu in the northern part of Hiroshima city. Their triggers were heavy rainfall at the midnight to early morning on August 20, 2014. Debris flows were triggered by shallow slides of 2m-5m in depth, which scraped the debris sediments deposited in ancient times along steep valley beds and glow up to great masses of debris flows. Topographic profile along valley floors in granite areas show wavy and multi-stepped patterns. On the contrally, those in Jurassic accretional mélange or Suo crystalline schists indicate simple concave patterns. Those differences of topographic patterns may suggest differences in structure, weathering and erosion processes among those geologic bodies.This fact is thought to show an important difference for type of disasters in landslides and debris flows and to be useful for disaster mitigation processes at different geologic bodies..
Keywords: heavy rainfall, shallow slide, debris flow, granite, accretional body, crystalline schist, rhyolite dyke, topographic profile, debris deposits, alluvial cone
p. 49-73
Keywords: heavy rainfall, shallow slide, debris flow, granite, accretional body, crystalline schist, rhyolite dyke, topographic profile, debris deposits, alluvial cone
p. 49-73
1995年兵庫県南部地震による土構造物の地震災害
Earthquake damages of earth structures caused by the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake
菊山浩喜・横山俊治
KIKUYAMA Hiroki and YOKOYAMA Shunji
要旨:1995年兵庫県南部地震では,丘陵の谷埋め盛土や海岸の埋立地に施工された土構造物が大きな被害を受けた.地震動による慣性力と剥離によって,次のような様々なタイプの被害が土構造物に生じた:①空石積み擁壁の横跳び,②コンクリート擁壁・ブロック積み擁壁・歩道の縁石・排水溝の側壁の傾動・転倒,③コンクリート吹付・モルタル吹付・張りブロック法枠工の剥離,④アスファルト舗装やコンクリート舗装・煉瓦敷きの水平移動,⑤階段通路の踊り場の土構造物の低角度衝上など.これらの土構造物の破壊はしばしば盛土中の開口クラックを伴っている.谷埋め盛土は硬質な上位層と下位の高含水で軟質な下位層からなるキャップロック構造をもっている.地震時盛土地すべりは丘陵を取り巻く斜面上の谷埋め盛土が強い地震動を受けて発生したもので,地震によって揺れている間,この二階建ての構造は益々不安定になる.上位層の破断と下位層の塑性変形によって盛土の全体は細かく破壊され,破壊された地すべり移動体は地表面を長距離移動した.地震時地表面変状は,素因として土構造物の形式や配置,盛土の品質,盛土の地表および地中の分布形態,地下水位,そして誘因として地震動の方位と強さに支配される.
キーワード:1995兵庫県南部地震,地震動,盛土,土構造物,盛土地すべり,キャップロック構造
Abstract:The 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake did great damages to earth structures on valley-buried bank of hills and on reclaimed grounds of coastal area. The force of inertia and exfoliating caused by the earthquake vibration gave rise to the many types of damage for earth structures as follows: ① falling down with a jump from dry stone masonry, ② tilting and tumbling of concrete retaining wall, concrete block retaining wall, curb of footway and side walls of drain ditch, ③ exfoliating of concrete spraying, mortar spraying and concrete block pitching ④ horizontal spreading of asphalt pavement, mortar pavement and brick pitching on road and ground surface ⑤ low angle thrusting of constructions on the landing of stairs. These damages are often accompanied by open cracks into embankment. The valley-buried bank has a cap-rock structure of the upper rigid layer and the lower soft layer with high water content. The earthquake-induced landslide of bank took place at the valley-buried bank on slopes around hills by strong earthquake motion. This two-storied structure becomes more and more unstable during the period of shaking. Then the whole of bank was broken down into pieces by fracturing of the upper layer and plastic deformation of the lower layer,and the broken landside mass ran off on the long distance of the surface. The earthquake ground surface disturbances are controlled by type and arrangement of earth structures,quality of bank, superficial and underground form of embankment, and underground water level as a basic factor, and orientation and strength of earthquake motion as a trigger.
Keywords: 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake, earthquake motion, embankment, earth structures, landslide of bank, cap- rock structure
p. 75-96
Keywords: 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake, earthquake motion, embankment, earth structures, landslide of bank, cap- rock structure
p. 75-96
宝永地震(1707),弘化善光寺地震(1847)および安政東海・南海地震(1854)による土砂ダム新湖の出現
Appearances of new lakes by choking up rivers by landslides induced by the 1707 Hoei, the 1847 Koka-Zenkoji, and the 1854 Ansei Tokai and Nankai earthquakes
都司嘉宣
TSUJI Yoshinobu
要旨:プレート境界型巨大地震,あるいは内陸活断層の滑りによる地震に伴う崖崩れによって,しばしば川の閉塞による新湖の出現をみることがある.宝永地震(1707)による二カ所の新湖出現,弘化四年(1847)に長野県に起きた善光寺地震による犀川の閉塞による新湖出現,安政東海地震(1854)で静岡県内に生じた五カ所の新湖出現事例,および安政南海地震による四国での新湖出現事例を論じる.本研究によって,このような新湖は,断層すべり面の直上か,そこから遠くない場所に限って起きることが解明された.このような新湖は,やがて土砂ダムの堰堤が決壊して下流に洪水を引き起こすことがある.
キーワード:宝永地震,弘化善光寺地震,歴史地震,安政東海・南海地震,地震による土砂ダムの形成
Abstract:A gigantic earthquake of plate boundary typed one, or an inland earthquake of active fault typed one often causes landslides and choking up rivers in mountainous region, and sometimes new lakes are formed. In the present paper we discuss examples of new lakes accompanied with the earthquakes of the 1707 Hoei gigantic earthquake, the 1847 Koka-Zenkoji earthquake, and the 1854 Ansei Tokai and the Nankai gigantic earthquakes. It was clarified that most of those new lakes were formed at points above the fault plane dislocated by the earthquakes. In many cases, such a new lake will disappeare due to the breaking of the bank of the dam, which induce a flood on the downstream plains sooner or later.
Keywords: the 1707 Hoei earthquake, the 1847 Koka Zenkoji earthquake, the 1854 Ansei Tokai and the Ansei Nankai earthquakes, appearance of a new lake caused by a landslide dam induced by an earthquake
p. 97-116
Keywords: the 1707 Hoei earthquake, the 1847 Koka Zenkoji earthquake, the 1854 Ansei Tokai and the Ansei Nankai earthquakes, appearance of a new lake caused by a landslide dam induced by an earthquake
p. 97-116
安政江戸地震(1855)の被害からみた江戸市中の詳細震度分布と大正関東震災(1923)との共通性について
Detailed damage distribution of the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake in Tokyo city zone and its similarity with that of the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake
都司嘉宣
TSUJI Yoshinobu
要旨:安政江戸地震(1855)による当時の江戸市中の被害分布を,(a)町人町毎の死者数,(b)寺院建物の被害,および(c)大名屋敷の建物被害の3つの資料をもちいて解明した.その結果,(1)上野駅と浅草寺を結ぶ線の北側の地域,(2)現在の東京駅と皇居の間の丸の内地域,(3)その北側の大手町から北西に水道橋駅にいたる線上,(4)隅田川以東の平野部,(5)不忍池の周囲,などで,人的,および建物の被害の大きかったことが判明した.これに対して,東京駅の東側の日本橋や八丁堀など,現在の中央区の領域では,地震の被害は軽かった.15世紀の江戸の地形図によると,(1)の上野・浅草の間には千束池の湖沼地域があった.(2)の丸の内は「日比谷の入り江」と呼ばれ東京湾の一部であった.また,現在の水道橋駅の北側に相当する場所に大池の湖沼があり,ここから平川の流れが丸の内を通して東京湾に注いでいた.これが(3)の地域である.(4)の隅田川以東は,16世紀末まで海浜であった.(5)の不忍池の周辺は,古くはもっと広かった不忍池の湖面の埋め立て地であった.結局,16世紀ころ水域や沼沢地であったところで,人的,および建物被害が大きくなったことが判明した.これに対して東京駅の東側は,中世以前には江戸前島村と呼ばれた,鎌倉時代初期までには陸化し,このころすでに人の住んでいた土地であった.このような安政江戸地震の被害分布は,大正関東震災の木造家屋の被害から得られた震度分布図と非常に良く一致している.
キーワード:安政江戸地震,大正関東地震,寺院倒壊分布,大名屋敷倒壊分布,震度と古代地形の関係
Abstract:Distribution of seismic intensity of the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake in Tokyo city zone was studied on the basis of (a) numbers of casualties for streets, (b) records of damage of buildings of temples, and (c) damaged residences of lords in Edo. Seismic intensity was larger at the following places: (1) the area between the Ueno station and the Asakusa temple, (2) at the Marunouchi area between Tokyo station and the Empire’s palace, (3) the areas on the line start from the Otemachi area to Suidobashi station, (4) the city areas on east of the Sumida river, and (5) The area around the Shinobazu Pond in the Ueno area. Seismic damage was comparatively lighter in the area east of Tokyo station. The land map of Tokyo in 15th century shows that the place (1) was the area of a large swamp called Senzoku-ike, (2) was an inlet of the Tokyo bay, (3) was the basin of the Hirakawa river, the area (4) was a land drained sea area up to the end of 16th century, and (5) was also the land drained the lake up to the end of 16th century. Thus we made clarified that the areas of large seismic intensity had been water areas up to the beginning of the Edo period (1602-1867). In contrast that areas east of the Tokyo station had been a dry land in the beginning of 13th century at latest. The 1855 Ansei Edo earthquakes closely resembles that of the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake in the distribution pattern of the seismic intensity.
Keywords: the 1855 Ansei-Edo earthquake, the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake, distribution of collapsed buildings of temples, distribution of collapsed residences of lords, relationship between seismic intensity and ancient land feature
p. 117-134
Keywords: the 1855 Ansei-Edo earthquake, the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake, distribution of collapsed buildings of temples, distribution of collapsed residences of lords, relationship between seismic intensity and ancient land feature
p. 117-134
明治24年(1891)濃尾地震に関する三つの論点
Discussions on three problems on the Mino-Owari (Nobi) earthquake of October 28th, 1891
都司嘉宣
TSUJI Yoshinobu
要旨:明治24年(1891)年,岐阜県南部,および愛知県北部を襲った濃尾地震(M8.0)は,全長約80km,ずれの最大量8m,左ずれの根尾谷断層系の活動によって起きた.岐阜市の北約10kmのところで,平野を横断する活断層との交点で鳥羽川の下流側の地盤が上流に対して約1.1m隆起したために,ここがダムとなって数平方キロメートルの水田地域を覆い尽くす新湖が出現した.この新湖は川同士を立体交差させるという巧みな河川工事によって解消され水田は回復した.根尾谷断層系の北部で部分断層同士が右にシフトした場所があり,ここがプッシュ・アップ点となったが,ここにある能郷白山はこの断層系で起きたかこの地震の物質の集積によって生じたと推定される.濃尾地震は現代から見れば124年以上も前の出来事であるが,余震活動は現在も継続しており,微小地震観測を行えば,現在でも断層すべり面の位置が鮮明に現れることが判明した.微小地震分布図には約400年以前に起きた天正13年(1586)の三重県・岐阜県地方の地震の余震と見られる地震の群列も見られ,100年以上前に起きた地震の断層すべり面の位置も微小地震観測によって解明できる可能性があることがわかった.
キーワード:濃尾地震,下流側地盤隆起による新湖出現,横ずれ断層のプッシュ・アップ構造,数百年継続する余震活動
Abstract:The 1891 Mino-Owari (Nobi) earthquake (M8.0) was the largest inland earthquake in Japan. It occurred by slipping of the left lateral Neodani fault system having about 80 kilometers length and the maximum slip amount was about 8 meters. The Toba river flows across the fault line. The ground of the downstream side of the river was uplifted by 1.1 meter at the crossing point, so the river was choked up there and a new lake was formed covering several square kilometers of rice fields. This lake made to disappeare and the drowned rice fields were recovered by improving river system making the main current of the river flow over the branch river. In the north part of the Neodani fault system, there is such a junction point that the axes of two relaying faults are shifted rightward to each other, and a “push-up point” appears between them, where Mt. Nogo-Hakusan (1617m) is situated. It is presumable that, this mountain had been formed as the result of convergence of material accompanied with earthquakes occurred on this fault system. Aftershocks of this earthquake are observable even now, and the image of the fault plane can be detectable on the distribution map of aftershocks on the distribution of micro-seismism. In this district another large earthquake called Tensho Hisei earthquake occurred in 1586. We can detect the trace of this earthquake also on the micro-aftershock map. It is clarified that we can estimate the extent of dislocation area of a past earthquake which occurred it occurred on even more than one hundred years ago.
Keywords: the 1891 Mino-Owari (Nobi) earthquake, formation of a new lake due to crustal upheaval in down- stream side of a river, push-up structure on a lateral fault, aftershock activity continuing in several centuries
p. 135-147
Keywords: the 1891 Mino-Owari (Nobi) earthquake, formation of a new lake due to crustal upheaval in down- stream side of a river, push-up structure on a lateral fault, aftershock activity continuing in several centuries
p. 135-147
PS干渉SAR解析を用いた近年の関東平野の地表変動の推定
Recent surface displacement in the Kanto plain using persistent scatterer SAR interferometry
石塚師也
ISHITSUKA Kazuya
要旨:衛星データを用いた地表変動モニタリング手法であるPS干渉SAR解析は,広域の地表変動を空間的高解像度に推定できる手法として注目されている.本研究では,PS干渉SAR解析を関東平野に適用し,近年の地表変動傾向と変動の空間分布を明らかにした.2006年7月から2011年2月間に取得された衛星データの解析の結果,関東平野の複数の地域で年間1~2 cm程度の地盤沈下地域が推定された.また,2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震後には日本列島全体が隆起していることが知られているが,2011年3月から2012年11月間に取得された衛星データを解析した結果,東京南部の地域で局所的に隆起量が大きい地域が存在することが分かった.本研究の結果は,PS干渉SAR解析の有効性を示すものであると言える.
キーワード:地盤沈下,地震後余効変動,PS干渉SAR解析,関東平野,2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震
Abstract:We revealed recent surface displacement in the Kanto plain using persistent scatterer SAR interferometry. Persistent scatterer SAR interferometry is a satellite-based remote sensing method to estimate surface displacement, and has advantages to estimate subtle displacements in a broad area with a fine spatial resolution. Application of persistent scatterer SAR interferometry revealed several subsidence area with 1~2 cm/year due to groundwater extraction from July 2006 to February 2011. Moreover, ground uplift map after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake was also estimated, and the estimated uplift velocity differs in each area. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of persistent scatterer SAR interferometry to monitor surface displacement.
Keywords: Ground subsidence, post-seismic ground uplift, Persistent scatterer SAR interferometry, The 2011 Tohoku earthquake
p. 149-158
Keywords: Ground subsidence, post-seismic ground uplift, Persistent scatterer SAR interferometry, The 2011 Tohoku earthquake
p. 149-158
地盤工学における物理探査データのロックフィジックスをベースにした解釈技術に関する研究(その9) -一軸圧縮強度と弾性波速度の関係のモデル化-
Study on rock physical interpretation of geophysical data for geotechnical applications (Part IX) - Rock physics modeling of the unconfined compressive strength and seismic velocity relationship of rocks –
高橋 亨・田中莊一
TAKAHASHI Toru and TANAKA Soichi
要旨:岩石の一軸圧縮強度を弾性波速度から合理的に推定する手法を開発することを目的に,ロックフィジックス分野で利用されている岩石物理モデルの適用について検討を行った.モデル化では有効媒質モデルの1つとして利用されている2粒子モデルである頁岩質砂岩モデルを使用した.2粒子として砂岩と頁岩の力学特性を用いてVoigt-Reuss-Hillモデルを拡張した平均式により任意の間隙率を有した岩石の一軸圧縮強度と間隙率の関係を,さらにHertz-Mindlinの式,Hashin-Shtrikmanの式を用いて体積弾性率と剛性率を計算し,弾性波速度と間隙率の関係をモデル化した.この2つのモデルを組み合わせて一軸圧縮強度と弾性波速度のモデルを得た.このモデルを,国内のダム堤体の材料試験で得られた様々な種類の岩石の一軸圧縮強度と超音波速度の測定データに適用し,その適用性を評価した.その結果,一軸圧縮強度の最大値を弾性波速度から推定できる可能性を示すことができた.
キーワード:一軸圧縮強度,弾性波速度,岩石物理モデル
Abstract:For developing a method to rationally estimate the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of rocks from seismic velocity, we have studied rock physics models. The shaly sand model as a bimodal mixture model of effective medium models is used in modeling. With mechanical properties of Sandstone and Shale, the modified Voigt-Reuss-Hill average (VRH model) is employed for modeling unconfined compressive strength –porosity relationship, and the Hertz-Mindlin and Hashin-Shtrikman models as well as VRH model are employed for modeling the seismic velocity – porosity relationship. These two models are combined for modeling the UCS – seismic velocity relationship. This model is applied to UCS and ultrasonic velocity measurement data in the laboratory for various types of rocks sampled in dam sites in Japan for evaluating its applicability. This application proves that the proposed model can be used for estimating the maximum unconfined compressive strength of rocks from seismic velocity.
Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, seismic velocity, rock physics model
p. 159-168
Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, seismic velocity, rock physics model
p. 159-168
原位置の岩盤応力を評価するためのコア変形法(DCDA)
Diametrical Core Deformation Analysis (DCDA) Developed for In-situ Rock Stress Measurements
船戸明雄
FUNATO Akio
要旨:コア変形法(DCDA)は,応力解放に伴うコアの弾性的な変形から原位置の応力を評価する方法である.原位置岩盤においてボーリングによりコアが切り出されるとき,コアは原位置の圧縮応力から解放されて弾性的に膨張する.ボーリングが鉛直で圧縮応力場が異方的な場合,解放されたコアは水平最大主応力SHmaxの方向により大きく,水平最小主応力Shminの方向により小さく膨張してわずかに扁平になることが予想される.コア変形法は,このようなコアのわずかな変形量を精密に計測することにより差応力SHmax-Shminと主応力の方向を評価する方法である.この方法の適用性を検証するため,300mm角のブロック試料にフラットジャッキで一軸圧縮応力を加えた状態でくり抜いたコアの直径分布を測定し,載荷応力と載荷方向を評価した.その結果,コアは弾性変形理論で予測されるように変形しており,DCDAによる応力評価は十分実用的であることを確認した.
キーワード:応力解放,扁平,岩石コア,弾性変形,最大主応力
Abstract:DCDA is a new method for evaluating the in-situ stress of rocks based on the elliptical deformation of boring cores with stress relief. When a rock core sample is carved out by drilling, it becomes free from in-situ stress, and the expansion should occur elastically. If the condition of in-situ stress is anisotropic, the core must expand elastically in an asymmetric shape. In order to confirm the applicability of DCDA, laboratory verifications were conducted using 300 mm cube samples. The sample was set into a steel frame where it was subject to an uniaxial compressive stress using a pair of flat jacks. While holding the applied stress, a core sample was drilled out and the cross sectional shape of the core was measured precisely. Then the differential stress SHmax-Shmin and azimuths of SHmax and Shmin can be determined from the measured shape data. From these results, the effectiveness of DCDA was confirmed.
Keywords: stress relief, elliptical, rock core, elastic deformation, SHmax
p. 169-179
Keywords: stress relief, elliptical, rock core, elastic deformation, SHmax
p. 169-179
岩盤構造物の性能評価における課題 -地山分類における判定指標について-
Some Issues on the Performance Evaluation of Tunnel and Underground Cavern - Indices for the Rock Mass Classification –
亀村勝美
KAMEMURA Katsumi
要旨:北海道の道路トンネルで実施された全線にわたる切羽からの先進ボーリングデータに着目し,これまでに①ある程度の費用と時間を必要とするが先進ボーリングから得られる豊富な情報を用いることにより,予測と施工時の地山等級の一致率をかなり高くでき,最終的に合理的なトンネル施工が可能となること,②とは言え先進ボーリングにより得られる大量のデータのすべてが活かされてはいないこと,③これに対し現行の地山分類を見直すことにより地山分類の一致率をさらに高めることが出来る可能性があること,などを明らかにしてきた.ここでは,引き続き地山分類に用いられる様々な指標の関係について検討を加え,地山分類の具体的な見直し方法について検討する.
キーワード:山岳トンネル,地山分類,先進ボーリング
Abstract:Geological and mechanical data, which is given by advancing borings from tunnel faces of the road tunnels in Hokkaido, has been examined, and following results have been obtained. ①: Though advancing borings need a certain amount of cost and time, a lot of information by advancing borings can make higher an match rate between estimated rock-mass class and excavated one. ②:However, it is hard to say that all data of advancing borings has been fully used. ③:So, reviewing of rock-mass classification process might be necessary to have a better match rate. Here, indexes and its threshold value for the estimation of rock-mass classification are examined.
p. 181-192
p. 181-192